Logical centers. What is a logistics center? What is a logistics center
The logical center is the main word (or a few words), embodying the main meaning of the sentence. You can start the search for the main word with a very simple action: when preparing to read at the microphone, getting acquainted with the text, constantly ask yourself the question: "What is this talking about?" About what? And, answering it, define the main word. "The next season has opened in the city drama theater. The first premiere will be a play based on the play by Chekhov Ivanov." It employs the best forces of the theater. The performance is scheduled for December. "The first sentence in any information is a kind of" poster "," bait "for the listener. Therefore, it must be read more slowly and clearly than the rest of the text. And what is the second sentence about? that Chekhov’s play “Ivanov” will be staged. And in the third? On the best forces. And in the fourth? showing in December. In addition to this rule, the search for logical centers in sentences suggests a good acquaintance with a number of simple rules, which far from all and not always comply.
RULE ONE
If the sentence consists only of the subject and the predicate, then BOTH WORD are highlighted. The boy is gone. The editors are working. Journalists fled. The session has begun. Try to remember what the words: started, started, locked, unlocked, engaged and hired - the emphasis is on the last syllable. The rest are pronounced like this: he got up, succeeded, lost his temper, wondered, surrendered, ran into himself, broke, got his nose and so on. In general, as you understand, I recommend remembering six words from this huge series, and you will find yourself in the framework of the literary norm of our language. Of course, if you accidentally say "successful," it will not be as scary as if, for example, you say: "surrendered" or "started." Incidentally, thirty years ago, stress on the end in the vast majority of the words I quoted above was considered the norm. Then the norm was canceled.
RULE TWO
If the subject and predicate have changed places, then it should be highlighted ONLY PERFORMANCE. Thunder roared. It was pouring rain. The television station has closed. Compiled a catalog. About words ending in -log. You probably know the words perfectly well: astrologer, ideologist, geologist, ufologist, biologist, etc. No less famous are those: dialogue, monologue, catalog, obituary. Less known: apologist, martyrology. And it may happen that the word mineralogist will surprise you. Not a mineralogist, but a mineralogist! What is interesting about all this? That in the first group of words (ideologist, astrologer) is only a profession. In the second: a catalog - a list of objects, a dialogue - a conversation of two or more persons, a monologue - a speech of one person, an obituary - a word about the dead, an apologist - a short allegorical story about animals with morality, which laid the foundation for such a genre as a fable. And only the mineralogist was "hooked" into this company by a foreign body. Try to search for the reason for this yourself. And in conclusion of this brief digression from the main topic, a few words about the surname, which you may never come across in programs, but I have heard many times how it is pronounced incorrectly. It's about Sophia Paleolog ... Have you noticed the stress? Sophia was the wife of the Russian Tsar Ivan III. She was from the Greek family of Paleologists, but not Paleologists at all! RULE THREE
If a verb contains a word (or several words) that answers the questions: how, where, where, when, then the central word will be that that answers one of these questions: "The boy went out onto the porch", "The theater will be built in next year, "" the Duma moved to a new building. " If we “strike” the verb, we get not a narration, but an exclamation: “The boy went out onto the porch!” Or a possible question: is it out? "
RULE FOUR
The contrast is ALWAYS underlined: “I advise you not to go to the ordinary, but to the head physician right away”, “This is not about reforms, but only about operative decisions”, “We are not talking about the whole consignment, but only about separate pairs socks. " Please do not forget: there are: socks, but no socks; stockings, but no stockings; bows, no bows, with bows; cakes, no cakes, with cakes; shoes, no shoes, with shoes; trinket, no trinket, with trinkets; hem, no hem, with hem (in all values: no hem for clothes and no hem - urban area)
RULE FIVE
Both comparisons and comparisons are stressed: “Petr Ivanovich Petrov, like a well-trained boxer, quickly pacified his political opponents,” “Dawn, like a sophisticated seducer, conquered even the most callous hearts”, “On the walls, which unexpectedly assumed the role of giant screens, the most bizarre pictures appeared. " Try to remember how the words are modified: wall, strip, side, furrow, board, bench, as well as the steppe and bridge. There is a “related” rule for using stress in such words: wall, on walls, on walls, walls, but: like peas on a wall, climb the wall from anger; party, by parties, parties, about parties, both parties, both contracting parties, but: contracting parties; furrow, on furrows, on furrows, furrows; bench, bench, bench, bench; board, on the boards, about boards, boards; steppe, on the steppes, on the steppes, steppes, on the steppe, but: on the steppes and on the steppes.
RULE SIX
An adjective with a noun is not distinguished. Director's room. Another glider. Talented journalists. Fearless firefighters. By the way, the word glider does not surprise you! Then it is all the more incomprehensible why many people say: “glider” and “Glider”, while it is necessary to say: glider and Glider. But we continue the discussion of the sixth rule. If the opposition, which is an example of this rule, interferes, the main words are CHANGING LOCATIONS: "This meeting is next, and after an hour it will be extreme", "Today the weather is beautiful, and yesterday it was disgusting", "Last time we arrived dexterous firefighters, and yesterday they were kind of tired. " "Firefighter" and "firefighter" today, in general, are one and the same, but not so long ago the word "firefighter" was offensive to firefighters. And today, professionals call themselves firemen. The fact is that some landowners sent their peasants to cities in the winter to earn money. They came in bad clothes, on burnt carts and said that they were fire victims. The townspeople quickly saw through these liars and called them "firefighters", which in general opinion was a contemptuous word.
RULE SEVEN
If you want to highlight the EXACTLY ADJECTIVE, then they put it AFTER the defined word ... "I need a very interesting job", "I am interested in an honest career," Only the latest news should be on our channel, "" I prefer to speak briefly and clearly without changing legs in a conversation. " In order not to get confused when to put emphasis on and when directly on the subject, remember one simple rule: if you use this or that expression in the PORTABLE SENSE, then “hit” on, and if in the LITERAL meaning, put emphasis on the subject. Here are examples: "Timidly starting a career, he then quickly got on his feet." But: "A very warm blanket was put on his feet." "Why are you shifting from foot to foot? Say what you need?" (And a person at this time can generally sit, but a figurative expression will come in handy by the way). But: "By stepping from one foot to another, you can give your feet a temporary rest." "The news made my heart sore." But: "The heart operation ended brilliantly." "The fraudster was seized by the hand at the crime scene." But: "Mother led the child by the hand." "Let's talk face to face." But: "They put a clean blindfold on the eye." "Please do not take sin into your soul!" But: "From prayer to the soul, as if joy spills." And one more subtlety. "I live outside the city" (that is, it does not matter where exactly, but outside the city), but: "There are absolutely no forests outside the city." “Let's go for a walk across the river,” but: “It's not so easy to get across the river.”
RULE EIGHT
If we list adjectives with the same attributes, then we select ONLY the LAST adjective, standing immediately before the main word: "" On the table were blue, red, green and black pencils. "
RULE NINE
But if there is a list of DIFFERENT concepts, EVERYONE needs to be highlighted: "Fat, agile, beautiful and kind journalists work for us in the editorial office," "This year young, well-trained, modern-minded teachers came to work at the school." It must be borne in mind that there are teachers in the school, and the founders of great teachings, religions, theories are called teachers. And one more thing: wives have husbands, and big statesmen are not husbands, but husbands. And another example: awarded people wear orders, but there are also monastic orders in the world.
RULE TEN
If a noun contains words in the genitive case, then they are the main ones: "The sound of the sea reaches the farthest village", "The waves of the Neva beat on the granite of the embankment", "The house of the forester stands on the edge of the forest", "This village does not even have a water supply " Let's talk about how many “wires”, “wires” and “wires” we have. Let's start with the most familiar, in which no one makes the wrong emphasis. I mean "plumbing." I hope you have never heard anyone say "plumbing." So why is there no respect for other "... wires"? Therefore, please remember that all “wires”, no matter what they carry, have the same stress on “in.” I will name several “wires”: oil pipeline, gas pipeline, garbage chute, povidloprovod (there is one!), Shaft shafting , a forestry pipeline, a coal pipe, an oil pipe, an overpass, an ammonia pipe, a wine pipe, a soil pipe, a chimney, a product pipe, a pipe pipe, a condensate pipe, a fruit pipe, a seed pipe and at least about twenty different “wires.” And everyone has the same stress - on “in!” Of course, one should not confuse “wires to the army” with elec It’s clear that all “wires” have the same derivatives: “gas network”, “oil pipeline economy, etc." In general, “measure” everything by the water supply and water tap and you won’t be mistaken in all other “wires." if the recruits are deprived of “wires” to the army, and they begin to be sent to military camps using some kind of mechanical device, then we will have a “soldier’s pipeline.” And not otherwise.
RULE ELEVEN
The new concept necessarily stands out as the main one: "Ivan’s house is standing on the edge of the forest. The roof of the house is visible from far away. A pole with an antenna looms to the roof. You can see the sauna pipe behind the antenna. In addition to the sauna, there was also a chicken coop in the courtyard. However, the owner broke the chicken coop and he gave the chickens to a neighbor. " Try to remember the stress in the following words: filed, gave, asked, taught, sold, handed out, resold, handed over, gave (something to move), betrayed, handed, did not give, gave, but: published, gave, gave. THE RULES REMAINED A FEW MORE, but we will talk about them a little later, and now we will focus on the general enthusiasm of people speaking at the microphone for choosing the main word in sentences. It turns out that you can read the text very briskly without ever thinking about finding the main word. You just have to make every last word of the sentence the main thing. Here is some simple information. It is an excellent manual on the topic: "how not to read at the microphone." The announcer emphasized the words I made the main ones: "The congress of people's representatives took place yesterday in Chechnya. He did not discuss the most acute problems facing the republic. A representative committee of the mountain region was created at the congress. It will solve the most urgent tasks of Chechnya." The announcer read hastily, tediously, but very loudly emphasized the last words. It was impossible to express more clearly the complete misunderstanding of the speaker’s task than by such a reading. But the logical centers in the information were completely different. So, the first sentence. It, as we have already agreed, should be read all clearly and clearly, because this is a topic statement, an occasion to draw the attention of listeners to information. “Chat” the first sentence, anger the listener, he will not listen further at all. The first sentence is a kind of advertising news. After all, the listener does not yet know what will be discussed, and you should introduce him to the subject of the conversation. So what was the point in the first sentence? The fact that “something” happened there and then: the congress of people's representatives was held in Chechnya yesterday. It is impossible not to draw the attention of listeners to such an event. And in the second sentence what are we talking about? Not about the republic (you have already heard that the case is happening in Chechnya), but about the fact that problems were discussed at the congress. This should have been highlighted. Third sentence. And in it it was not a question of a "mountainous region", but that the congress elected a "representative committee." Fourth sentence. It was very important for us to find out that the committee was created in Chechnya, we already know, and that it will solve the "most operational tasks". This should have been emphasized. So, if you repeat the information briefly, then it has the following main words: IN THE CHECHNYA I HELD A CONGRESS, HE DISCUSSED THE PROBLEMS, CREATED A COMMITTEE, which will solve OPERATIONAL TASKS. The words: "this republic", "mountainous land", and again "Chechnya" - no longer need to be emphasized. These are familiar concepts. The message about the dollar. How is it sometimes read? Again, the last word is often highlighted: "This morning the exchange rate was 17 rubles for one dollar. By evening, it was necessary to pay 19 rubles for one dollar." In such information, the numbers "17" and "19" are important, not the words "for one dollar." In general, the numbers are often “broadcasted” on the air as something unimportant even in weather reports: “In Krasnoyarsk, 18 degrees of frost, in Novosibirsk, 21 degrees of cold, in Perm, 17 degrees below zero.” It turns out that "frost", "cold" and "below zero" are new concepts, but degrees are important. Now, if somewhere, in the midst of general frosts, warm weather suddenly popped up, then the word "heat" should definitely be emphasized. And another example of thoughtless reading: "The repeat offender Ivan Petrov was arrested. His father Vasily Petrov was arrested a week earlier." It is clear that in the second case it was necessary to single out the name and not the surname ... So, it is clear that making every last word in the sentence the main thing is the easiest way to earn the fame of an "illogical reader". Pronounce the names clearly. Sometimes it is very important for the listener to hear the last name. When meeting, be sure to call yourself extremely legible. And more about the middle names. Their pronunciation depends on the position occupied by the person, and on the situation in which this person is concerned. It’s tactless, for example, to speak during celebrations: Pyotr Ivanovich, Olga Alsanna, Sergei Mikhalych. During a conversation between a young journalist and a prominent, unfamiliar, elderly person, ethics requires pronouncing the middle name in full: Mikhailovich, Ivanovich, Aleksandrovna. During a conversation between two equal people and with mutual consent, it is quite possible to get by with just a name. Do not say: "work colleague." A "colleague" can only be your employee (or fellow practitioner). The acquaintances from the neighboring TV are no longer colleagues, but people of the same specialty.
RULE TWELVE
Do not equate a NEW CONCEPT with a NEW word. To avoid such a logical mistake, try to remember the following example from the WRONG “reading practice. As in previous cases, the leader emphasized the words I emphasized vigorously:“ Fifty miners, twenty-eight machine tool builders, forty metallurgists, eighteen students and still a few (almost shouting) people. "When asked why the word" person "was highlighted with such unjustified pressure, the host answered:" So this is a NEW concept! ". By his logic, it turns out that miners, a machine tool builders, metallurgists and students are not people. For the feminine of some male professions. For example, verbal couples such as teacher, teacher, actor-actress, pilot-pilot, crane operator, dancer have taken root and do not cause unpleasant sensations. - a dancer, a tractor tractor driver, but is it possible to say at the microphone: “doctor”, “announcer”, “turner”, “reporter”, “assistant professor”, “designer”, “chemist”? No. It is better to avoid this. Anna Akhmatova, for example, categorically rebelled against the word "poetess", believing that there is only a "poet" in the world. She rebelled against her middle name on the front pages of poets' books: “Everyone knows the poet Alexander Pushkin. And I, too, are not Anna Andreevna. In conversation, please, but on the cover of the book is Anna Akhmatova.” A funny story can come out with some “male” professions in general if we try to turn it into a female one. Eye doctor (optometrist). What about a woman? Eye socket "" Male machinist. And she? Typist "Therefore, be attentive to the female gender of" male "professions.
Rule Thirteenth
There are verbose concepts in which it is necessary to single out just the LAST WORD, and only him: "Moscow Academic Musical Theater named after Stanislavsky and Nemirovich-Danchenko", "Chairman of the Arbitration Court of the Nizhny Novgorod Province Ivan Solovich," "The Great Patriotic War of the forty-first - forty-fifth years. " Remember the pronunciation of sentences of this kind. Often on the air you can hear: "In the right and left hands", "In the Tambov and Smolensk regions." But there is no person with two left hands, just as we do not have two Smolensk regions. Therefore, read: "Legislative and executive authorities", "In the first and second quarters", "On the first and seventh floors", "In the first, third, tenth and forty-fourth rows there were many empty places." So, while something is being listed in the singular, then it should be so listed before the main final word.
RULE FOURTEEN
When repeating the same words, the following ones are emphasized more and more: “I love my homeland, my homeland!”, “But I say no, no and NO”, “I dabbled, dabble and will dabble!”. Despite the presence of the word "darling", the words: dabble, dabble, indulge, dabble, dabble, indulge, dabble - obey (according to their wishes) the same rules as the words: admire, admire, admire, kiss, kiss, kissing, freaking out, freaking out, freaking out, etc.
RULE FIFTEEN
Pronouns in no case stand out. It should be read as follows: “Tractors were made, as well as spare parts for them,” “Tomorrow will be a parade, and today only a rehearsal in front of him will be held.” Neither “to them”, nor “in front of him” and any other pronoun can be stressed by voice, as if they do not exist in the text.
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What is logistics and how to understand it well? On our site you will learn everything about logistics!
9 . 2 . Shopping areas
The place where the purchase and sale of goods takes place is called a trade zone, including the territory of residence / location of potential consumers. Shopping areas are divided by frequency of visits. “Primary trade zone” refers to the territory where consumers live when they frequently visit shopping facilities (a store, a shopping center or an accumulation of stores). “Secondary trading zone” means a rare visit to shopping facilities (less than once a week).
In the “tertiary trade zone”, living consumers make purchases only occasionally.
For a more accurate assessment of the impact of trade zones on the implementation, it is divided depending on the density of the population, which is a potential buyer.
1. The trade zone of the neighboring regions (population no more than 30 thousand people). Shopping facilities are located within a 10-minute walk (food products, non-durable goods and everyday goods are sold).
2. The district trade zone unites several shopping areas of the near quarter (population from 60 to 90 thousand people). It includes supermarkets, large specialized stores (consumer goods are sold - clothing, household items and culture, etc.).
3. A trade zone of wide coverage (population over 180 thousand people). Outlets are located away from the place of residence of consumers with a frequency of visits no more than three times a month.
These are regional shopping centers (fashion and luxury items are sold).
The convenience of the location of the outlet, associated with the presence of transport routes and the availability of the facility by car, affects the number of visitors. To do this, the following principles should be considered:
^ placement of a point of sale along the roads used for commuting or shopping;
^ interior design of the outlet, allowing you to see it from the car window;
^ the presence of convenient parking for vehicles (the capacity of the parking lot determines the volume of sales).
9 . 3 . Logistic systems in wholesale
Logistics in the wholesale system performs operations related to the following functions of goods distribution: ordering, purchasing, delivery, information support, storage, sorting and dispensing of goods. The use of logistics in wholesale can occur in two ways.
The first involves the development of wholesale trade in conjunction with the technical, technological and organizational improvement of the entire distribution system. The second direction provides for the improvement of intra-warehouse cargo handling systems.
Wholesale companies are divided into four types:
1) wholesalers (warehouses);
2) specialized wholesalers;
3) brokers and agents;
4) branches and offices of manufacturers and retailers.
Directly to wholesalers are companies that have ownership of the goods and are engaged in its sale. These wholesalers have various areas of their activity, which can be attributed to wholesale, distribution companies, trading houses, etc.
Specialized wholesalers include companies that work only on the sale of products manufactured by one enterprise, or industry products.
Brokers and agents are not the owners of the goods and act only as intermediaries in its sale, i.e. are engaged in the search for a buyer and enter into a contract of sale.
If the broker's main task is to bring the buyer and seller together and help them conclude an agreement, then the agents, having the authority granted to them, act as representatives of the buyers or sellers. As a rule, brokers and agents receive a commission in the amount of 2-6% of the contract amount for their services.
The operations associated with the bulk purchasing of goods are carried out directly by the departments or offices of these customers.
Branches or offices perform the same functions as brokers and agents, only they are the purchasing or selling administrative unit.
The main direction of wholesale enterprises in the process of selling goods is logistics service, i.e. work related to the functions of storage of goods, transportation, freight forwarding, packaging, processing, sorting, packaging of goods, labeling of goods with machine-readable codes, etc.
The successful operation of wholesale enterprises contributes to the rapid turnover of goods, which depends on the satisfaction of customers with the range. In their work, wholesalers are guided by the wishes of customers and select products according to the requirements that will satisfy them. First of all, this concerns the completeness of the assortment of goods. This service is very profitable for retail enterprises, as it forms the necessary assortment of goods in one place, thereby saving them from additional work and saving money by delivering goods at lower cost. Many wholesale organizations work with their regular customers on the terms of providing goods on credit.
In search of their customers, wholesale organizations expand the range of goods offered and have a sufficient quantity to make an immediate delivery. A negative point of such a policy is the additional costs associated with the cost of storing large stocks.
The way out of this situation may be the formation of an assortment consisting of the most popular goods, or orientation to large buyers, forming the necessary assortment of goods for them. The direction of successful activity of a wholesale company is to reduce the time it takes to complete an order (i.e., the time it takes to receive an order from a retail network before delivering goods to a customer). The use of the “on time” logistics system allows us to best solve this problem.
Another direction of the effective solution of the tasks is cooperation in the field of goods distribution.
9.4. Logistic systems in retail
Retail trade includes all types of activities related to the sale of goods and services directly to consumers for personal, non-commercial use. Retail organization includes any organization that sells goods, being a manufacturer, a store or an ordinary hawker. Retail trade can be carried out both through stores and through outlets outside the store.
A wide variety of stores allows the buyer to choose the best option, both in price and in the range and quality of the goods offered. Stores may specialize in a specific narrow range of products and offer relatively cheap products. Brand stores offer expensive, quality products. Supermarkets and department stores offer customers a wide range of products. Nowadays, large stores where almost everything can be bought are widely used.
Small shops, as close as possible to the buyer, remain massive.
Thanks to the use of modern technology, electronics, a new form of trading has appeared - outside the store. Trading outside the store includes selling through the Internet, network marketing, one-on-one selling, selling through vending machines, etc. The development of retail trade, as well as wholesale, from the point of view of logistics should primarily be considered as improving the link of the product distribution system. Various principles of demand forecasting, selection of goods are applied, inventory control is carried out. To increase the efficiency of inventory control, scanning devices are used, which also reduce the time for the buyer to pay for goods. Logistic decisions should be formed already at the design stage of stores, the premises of which must satisfy the requirements of end-to-end technological processes. Taking into account the interests of end-to-end technological processes, the following should be selected:
^ convenience of movement of buyers in the store;
^ optimum sizes of trade, warehouse, office premises and technological zones;
^ width of doorways;
^ height and area of \u200b\u200bunloading ramps;
^ modern layout of trading floors.
The store’s equipment complex, corresponding to its level, should harmoniously fit into the end-to-end distribution system. All components of the store’s production forces (premises, technological equipment, personnel, information, goods and handling packaging) should be linked into a single system, which in turn should be included in the general distribution system.
The use of logistics in retail provides for the construction of a coherent, consistent strategic scheme that allows you to respond in a timely manner to changes and the direction of consumer requests and to maximize the strengths of the trading company.
The main elements are the study of the trading area and other logistics studies. Also, in the framework of logistics, it is necessary to analyze customers in the store, monitor demand and competition.
9 . 5 . Integrated Trading Processes
Increasing competition forces us to use various methods to maintain the company's profitability by reducing costs. The main direction for reducing costs is the consolidation of participants in product distribution.
The use of a logistics system for the consolidation of trade, transport and production processes requires automation of goods distribution management. The main element of the success of integrated processes is a unified information policy. For all participants in the consolidation, it is necessary to use uniform requirements for incoming and outgoing documents that do not allow double reading. Information systems are part of the logistics systems, linking along with information technology, technology, planning and economics of distribution areas.
The use of a unified technological system for working with goods and information, related equipment, timely receipt and processing of an order, and coordinated planning allow timely delivery of goods to the buyer with minimal costs, avoiding damage and loss.
The use of logistics systems requires sustainable economic relations between participants in commodity distribution.
Regular business partners need to use the transparency of cost accounting systems, and it becomes possible to develop and apply agreed technologies for processing goods and information.
The use of modern technological methods leads to the integration of economic activity of various trade structures. There are external (in relation to trade) and internal factors of integration in the industry. External factors of trade include indicators that stimulate the development of integration processes in the industry:
market unpredictability;
reasons for the decline in demand;
aggravation of the problem of the sale of goods;
numerous obstacles to the movement of goods to the consumer, etc.
Internal factor of integration in trade, i.e. the main intra-industry motive is the strengthening of competition. The development of the trading system suggests that the integration processes will take place against the background of the emergence of such types of associations as:
^ chain trading organizations;
^ cooperative associations of trade structures;
^ voluntary wholesale and retail chains, etc.
In large retail chains, the integration of retail and wholesale information systems allows you to automatically inform the supplier of a decrease in the number of goods on the shelves of serviced stores.
Logistic network structures can create several distribution centers on the served territory and enter into agreements with a third-party specialized logistics company for operations related to the transportation and forwarding of goods.
From the organizational and economic point of view, the development of various forms of integration of trade enterprises allows:
reduce overhead due to the introduction of centralized management services, centralization of supply, transport and accounting functions;
carry out purchases in bulk in favorable terms of payment and deliveries, which affects the level of prices and interest of buyers;
timely deliver perishable and scarce goods;
use information technology to manage the network and create information banks on the product range;
support domestic producers by giving them priority supplies;
to develop additional services of trading enterprises in the form of organizations of mini-bakeries, meat cutting workshops, a single semi-finished product workshop, etc.
The development of logistics systems in trade is due to the presence of network structures, which account for about 90% of the trade turnover.
Experience shows that the use of logistics can significantly improve trade efficiency. The main indicators of the effectiveness of the use of logistics in trade include the following.
1. The reduction of stocks in the distribution chain due to:
redistribution of stocks between wholesale and retail trade and concentration of stocks in the wholesale link;
the use of modern technologies for stock control;
a high degree of consistency of participants in matters of timely replenishment of stocks.
Both current and insurance stocks are declining. Ongoing - through the use of technology "just in time", as well as the formation of optimal batch sizes, and insurance stocks - due to their concentration in a single distribution warehouse.
2. The maximum use of space and volume of wholesale and retail enterprises. Logistic optimization of the distribution chain allows you to change the structure of store space in favor of increasing the share of trade. This can be achieved by:
reducing the total number of stocks and moving a significant part of them from the store to the wholesale link;
moving part of the preparatory operations (such as packaging, labeling, pricing, etc.) to earlier stages of distribution.
3. Acceleration of capital turnover. This is achieved by controlling the time of end-to-end processes of placing and fulfilling orders.
4. Reduced transportation costs. It is possible to achieve due to the high consistency of the plots in matters of transport use.
5. Reduction of costs associated with cargo handling, including the cost of manual labor.
The cumulative effect of the use of logistics exceeds the sum of the effects of improving the individual listed indicators.
Industrial development implies a natural need to accelerate and simplify the process of delivery of goods to the final consumer. Cargo flows that connect the manufacturer of the product and the consumer company of the same product must be planned and managed by someone. Now, in Russia this is usually done by firms close to the source of the goods, for example, manufacturer, dealer, sender. The relationship between the companies involved in the delivery of goods to the final consumer is based on the exchange of information in the form of documents, as a result of which information flows take the following form:
Interaction of participants in international trade
The above scheme of interaction between trade participants is extremely simplified, however, even of what is shown, it can be seen that the information flows resemble connections of the type “each with each”.
Each firm's logistics costs can be easily estimated. In Russia, only about 300 thousand carriers and 10 thousand forwarders. If in each of these firms 1 ... 3 people are involved in the planning and organization of freight transportation, this means that in Russia about 1 million people are engaged in solving logistics problems (planning and organization of freight transportation). The costs of these types of work make up 20-30% of all costs (of the final cost of the delivered goods). It is known that a 1% reduction in logistics costs is equivalent to an increase in cargo sales by 10%.
These “input data” quickly and naturally lead to the idea of \u200b\u200bcentralizing logistics services. This for a commercial enterprise should mean the following. An enterprise should only either produce or consume goods or goods or services. All the “care” about how to deliver goods with the least losses and in the shortest possible time from the supplier to the consumer rests with specialized organizations - logistics centers.
Suppose at the factory to them. Kirov has a sales department, a supply department, a transportation department (transport department). Using the services of a logistics center, this company can refuse these three departments by purchasing the services of a center. At the same time, of course, the cost of the purchased services and their quality should be such that it would be appropriate for the named enterprise. Now substitute the name “Kirovsky Zavod” for any other enterprise producing goods, and the idea of \u200b\u200bcreating a logistics center serving this enterprise will be quite obvious. The same is true for transport companies, which should abolish the departments of receiving orders, departments of transportation planning, and use (buy) the services of the same name of a logistics center. As a result, under a good combination of circumstances, the picture that is presented in the previous figure will be transformed into the following:
Interaction of trade participants through a logistics center. There are no relations between participants (except customs and banks)
By comparing and analyzing the two figures, it is easy to conclude that the relationships between objects, expressed as document flows, are simplified and centralized in the last figure. The interaction is mainly through the logistics center. The centralization of services in logistics just leads to a reduction in costs for firms involved in trade.
You can get even more centralization by developing the idea of \u200b\u200bcentralizing the payment system through authorized banks, as is done in the customs sphere.
For reference, in Finland (data from the Finnish logistics review magazine) there are 4 logistics companies engaged in logistics in air transportation, 16 in the field of sea transportation, 18 in trucking, 3 in rail transport and 7 in general logistics services.
So, after finding out what should be a logistics center and what are its main tasks, we determine the interest of various enterprises in it.
Take a look at the table. It shows the need for logistics services for companies associated with various modes of transport.
| Type of transport / type of operation | trucking | railway | sea \u200b\u200btransport | air transportation | multimodal transportation |
| sending | X | X | X | ||
| forwarding | X | X | X | ||
| prior informing | X | X | X | ||
| overload | X | X | X | X | |
| customs operations | X | X | X | X | X |
| storage services | X | X | X | X | |
| insurance | X | X | X | X | X |
The need for logistics services for various types of transportation.
It is easy to see that the greatest needs in the range of services among the various types of transport are in maritime transport and multimodal delivery methods. The greatest “popularity” is enjoyed by customs services, which cannot be avoided, of course, only in foreign trade transactions. Regarding the role of customs, it is appropriate to add the fact that, in addition to the fact that customs is the only non-profit structure, it is interested in the delivery of goods for the simple reason that customs payments, taxes and duties are paid after delivery of the goods to the destination.
So, the conclusions:
- Logistics center - is an organization that provides services related to the management of cargo flows.
- The greatest interest in creating a logistics center should be shown by organizations associated with sea and multimodal transportation. These organizations require a wide range of logistics services. Auto and rail carriers are also interested in logistics services, but their interest is rather not in the range of services, but is associated either with large volumes of transportation or with a long range, and, consequently, with lower unit costs for logistics services.
- Customs is interested in the work of the logistics center, and the interest of customs is that payments to the budget are made only after the delivery of goods to the destination.
Features of the development of logistics centers in Russia
What is meant by the concept of a logistics center? What is the difference in its interpretation in Russia and abroad?
Logistic centers (LCs) are one of the forms of integration interaction between companies in order to maximize revenues through coordination of joint efforts and centralization of material and information support for goods distribution. LC combines the features of large wholesale and intermediary enterprises, the functions of marketing and information centers, the services of logistics companies. The main functions of the LC include cargo handling and storage, transshipment to other modes of transport, customs clearance and clearance, and information support. LCs include terminal complexes, transport and logistics, transport and distribution, distribution, information and logistics centers.
In developed foreign countries, various forms of logistic integration of commodity circulation participants have been widely developed and provided the opportunity to create advantages based on the optimization of commodity flows by reducing the supply chain, increasing supply agility and information security of the participants. In Russia today there is a rapid development of the LC, however, the number of quality facilities is still far from the needs of the market. A special shortage of LC is felt in the regions.
The concept of a logistics network is closely connected with the concept of a logistics center, since the maximum synergistic effect and efficiency of the organization of commodity flows can be achieved precisely by creating a network of objects connected by a single logistics operator.
So, let's define the concept of a logistics network. First of all, it is a single system of end-to-end management of material, information and financial flows. Logistic networks provide a full range of services: transportation, storage services, customs clearance, value-added services. Logistic networks are united by a single information space, a single level of service.
In addition, they have a wide geographical representation: the presence of warehouse network facilities in large cities (over 500 thousand people), especially in large transport hubs, is necessary, which is associated with the trend of expansion of large companies, especially retail, in the regions. It is these companies that are the main potential customers of logistics networks, since they need to quickly and reliably organize a supply chain in several regions, in addition, due to increasing competition, they must quickly respond to changing conditions and be able to quickly and efficiently reach new promising regional markets.
On the other hand, a wide network of unrelated objects does not bring a synergistic effect to the logistics operator. Therefore, in order to determine its optimal geographical representation, the LITER logistics network took into account, in addition to such factors as population, income, GRP, development of retail chains, the development of wholesale trade, export and import flows through the region, and transport and infrastructure components of the region.
- What conditions are necessary for the creation of logistics centers? Is western experience taken into account and how applicable is it here? Is this experience embodied in any way in your company, and, on the contrary, what are your own “finds” of SANNA-LITER logisticians?
To create a logistics center, you need first of all a clearly thought out concept. It should be noted that today logistics facilities are often created without it, which makes their construction ineffective. Typical examples of unsuccessful location of terminal objects typical for Russian practice include:
- Placing objects without a synergistic effect - wherever it was possible to find land (from Kaliningrad to Vladivostok) - such logistics networks can only be considered objectively
- Placement of city / regional distribution centers in places with difficult access to the main consumers (bridges over large rivers, secondary non-expandable routes, passage through settlements, etc.)
- Placing logistics facilities within large cities (for example, Moscow) - it is hardly worth expecting that such a facility will be attractive from a logistics point of view years later with streamlining traffic flows in the capital
When creating a LC, it is necessary to provide for the accessibility of transport routes, the road traffic situation, the development of infrastructure, to work out issues of an adequate layout of the LC that meets the tasks set, to take into account the presence of potential customers; during the development of the logistics network, the connection between the facilities and the appropriateness of the selected regions should be clearly indicated.
That is why our company has developed the concept of creating a multi-modal logistics network “LITER”, at the first stage of development of which we are building 7 logistics complexes of class “A” in 5 cities at the intersection of the main transport corridors “North-South” and “West-East”. The main features of the LITER logistics network are multimodality (the possibility of transporting by various means of transport: vehicles, railways, water transport, air transport, due to the location of objects in large transport hubs) and the presence in warehouses of various temperature conditions (dry warehouses, medium and low temperature warehouses). The logistics operator of the LITER network is the SANNA-LITER group of companies, which provides a full range of logistics services.
- How strong is the competition between transport and logistics companies? In what sense is cooperation possible between them?
In conditions of growing competition, the level of customer service (quality and volume of services provided) becomes a decisive factor in the field of logistics.
It should be noted that the number of logistics companies operating on the Russian market today is much less than, for example, in Europe and China. The main thing that Russian logistics companies should strive for today is integration: it is impossible to do everything ourselves from start to finish. Today, there is an ever-growing need to create alliances between players, since it will be difficult for small companies that are not combined in one form or another with large international operators to remain in the market.
It should be noted that, despite the insufficient development of the market of transport and logistics services in Russia, domestic companies have a fairly high competitiveness on it. In the case of the massive entry of large foreign companies with enormous financial resources to the market, Russian companies may be practically crowded out. However, the entry of megacompanies cannot be avoided, and accession to the WTO will accelerate and aggravate this process. In this regard, it is necessary, on the one hand, to consolidate existing players, and on the other, a well-thought-out state policy to support domestic companies.
- Where exactly in Russia large logistics centers already exist and where, in your opinion, is their construction “asking”? How much is it necessary to attract investment in this area from large businesses, and how much support is needed for government agencies in this matter?
The largest number of LCs are built in the Moscow region, which historically is the most developed in all respects, in particular, due to the influx of capital. The construction of LCs is often caused by constantly growing demand from dynamically developing large companies, mainly retailers and large producers of goods and food products.
A more modest pace is the development of LC in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region. The construction of LC in large commercial and industrial regional centers (Rostov-on-Don, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, etc.) is gradually gaining momentum.
Examples of existing LCs include TLC Tomilino, Krekshino, Leningradsky Terminal, Severnoe Domodedovo (Moscow Region), Megalogix (Logopark Neva), MLP Utkina Zavod (St. Petersburg and Leningrad Region), NLC-Bataysk (Rostov-on-Don) and etc.
An acute shortage of drug stores is now observed in the regions, especially in large regional centers, such as Nizhny Novgorod, Rostov-on-Don, Kaliningrad, where today there are practically no high-quality warehouse facilities that can provide high-quality logistics services that satisfy the needs of potential customers, as which are many international and federal retail chains:Metro, Auchan , Patterson, Eldorado, M. Video, Old Man Hottabych,Leroy merlin as well as international and Russian producers of goods and food products.
Therefore, the geography of the multimodal logistics network " LITER”At the first stage of development will include Moscow, St. Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Rostov-on-Don and Kaliningrad, 5 class A logistics centers and 2 port and logistics complexes (in Kaliningrad and Dmitrov, Moscow Region) will be built, total area warehouses will be more than 500 thousand square meters. m, refrigerated warehouses - about 130 thousand square meters. m
As regards investments, it is no secret that the construction of the LC requires significant investments, which implies attracting financial flows from outside investors. Since credit resources are often inaccessible, investments of large businesses are of particular relevance.
Support for the development of LCs by state structures is poorly developed today, but this does not reduce its need, in particular, in the field of regulating administrative barriers (among the main problems encountered in creating LCs are difficulties in allocating land plots, administrative approvals and resolutions at the design stage of the LC), the development of infrastructure, the provision of financing on the basis of public-private partnerships.
- What tasks should a logistics company “take upon itself”? How possible is their successful solution in Russian conditions? What problems do logisticians face in this regard?
Today, the transfer of all logistics issues, including transportation, customs clearance and warehouse storage to outsourcing to a reliable logistics operator, is becoming particularly urgent.
Currently, the Russian logistics market is undergoing the formation of 3PL operators, i.e. companies providing a full range of logistics services to third parties. These companies are formed both from warehouse operators due to the development of their freight forwarding activities and customs, and from forwarders supplementing their package of services with warehouse services. With the growing needs of customers of logistics networks and the development of a logistics culture in the country, demand arises for the next stage of integration in logistics, and then the transition to 4PL is brewing. This term is used for logistics companies that manage supply chains, which combine the resources, capacities and technology of their organization with the resources, capacities and technology of other logistics companies and offer them the most complete solution to problems in the supply chain.
For large, dynamically developing companies that enter regional markets with the expansion of the geography of their presence, work with logistics networks is of greatest relevance. It is no secret that working with logistics networks simplifies the contract process by interacting with one supplier, since there is no need to work with several suppliers of logistics services. Naturally, a separate contract must be concluded with each of these suppliers, which must be previously agreed with all the responsible persons within the company, which, as a rule, takes a lot of time and requires constant monitoring and control. In addition, it is much easier to get a report on the current state of affairs established by KPIs from one supplier, which allows you to adequately control the quality of work. Often, due to the different approach to tariffing services and various working conditions, comparing the cost and quality of work of logistics operators turns into a separate labor-intensive process, requiring the functioning of a whole staff of specialists within the customer company. Working with a reliable logistics network allows you to avoid these difficulties and really save on logistics.
The main problems in the provision of logistics services are related to the imperfection of legislation, in particular, customs, the inefficient organization of the process of passing through customs checkpoints, the lack of clear coordination of interaction within transport corridors, and the insufficient development of transport infrastructure, which makes delivery to remote regions of the Russian Federation extremely difficult. An important factor in regional transportation are significant distances that make it difficult to find carriers.
- What about the new technologies in the field of logistics? How effective are they, how often are they updated and how effectively are they applied?
Of the new technologies used in the LC, I would like to dwell in more detail on the technology of voice selection (Voice-picking), which is confidently implemented in foreign warehouses and is just starting its movement in Russia.
Voice technology allows you to transfer the required product data (quantity, storage address) to the warehouse management system (WMS) using ordinary human speech, WMS operations commands are also converted into voice commands that are understandable to humans.
The technology works most efficiently during the selection process.
For voice recognition, a special module is responsible. Each picker is provided with a special individual telephone headset and a voice terminal attached to the belt. The warehouse must be equipped with a wireless network.
Using existing technologies for selecting orders using a job on paper or using radio terminals, the picker first receives information (looks at paper or on the terminal screen), and then begins to process the job (pick up goods). Using Voice-technology in the warehouse, the user simultaneously receives the task (hears it) and begins its execution, due to which there is a significant reduction in the selection time.
The time gain also occurs because the voice picking technology allows the picker to have both hands free. This technology is very relevant in low-temperature warehouses, since working with the terminal keyboard in gloves significantly slows down the process.
Upon receipt of orders for shipment of goods, WMS creates selection tasks that are transmitted wirelessly to the voice terminal of a particular picker. As tasks are completed, work results are transferred back to WMS by voice confirmation, and the picker receives a new task.
According to the German institute SMI International AG, the time taken by a picker to complete one selection using voice technology is on average 37.5% less than the time spent selecting with a radio terminal.
- What, in your opinion, is the future of transport logistics in Russia?
In the future, logistics will be characterized by a more uniform quality of service. Alliances between players will arise, since it will be difficult for small companies that are not combined in one form or another with large international operators to remain in the market after the entry of foreign players. The aggregate market share of the largest logistics operators will increase significantly. The development of the operational infrastructure will continue, which will make it possible to improve the current situation.
In terms of the future development of the LC, one can identify such main trends as the development of the LC in the regions in view of the increasing regional expansion of large players in the consumer market in need of LC services, the enlargement and universalization of LCs, an increase in the list of logistics services and an increase in their quality.
Alla Vykhristyuk - Head of the Marketing Department of LITER Management Company, SANNA-LITER Group of Companies
Ksenia Fateeva - Leading Marketing Manager of LITER Management Company, SANNA-LITER Group of Companies
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