Historical information about copper, chemical and physical properties; application in medicine and in the national economy. Copper is the first metal that was first used by man several millennia BC; soft metal, element of group 11.

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1. Historical information about copper

2. Physical properties of copper. Application in medicine and in the national economy

3. Chemical properties of copper

Bibliography

1. Historical information about copper

Copper is the first metal that was first used by man in antiquity, several millennia BC. The first copper tools were made from native copper, which is quite common. The largest copper nugget was found in the United States, it had a mass of 420 tons.

But in view of the fact that copper is a soft metal, copper in antiquity could not displace stone tools. Only when man learned to melt copper and invented bronze (an alloy of copper and tin) did metal replace stone. The widespread use of copper began in the 4th millennium BC. e.

COPPER - an element of group 11 of the Periodic system, a density of 8.9 g cm -3, one of the first metals to become known to man. It is believed that copper began to be used around 5000 BC. Copper is rarely found in nature as a metal. From copper nuggets, possibly with the help of stone axes, the first metal tools were made. The Indians who lived on its shores of Lake. Upper (North America), where there is very pure native copper, the methods of its cold working were known before the time of Columbus.

Around 3500 BC in the Middle East, they learned to extract copper from ores, it was obtained by reduction with coal. There were also copper mines in ancient Egypt. It is known that the blocks for the famous pyramid of Cheops were processed with a copper tool.

By 3000 BC in India, Mesopotamia and Greece, tin was added to smelt harder bronze into copper. The discovery of bronze may have happened by accident, but its advantages over pure copper quickly brought this alloy to the forefront. Thus began the Bronze Age.

Assyrians, Egyptians, Hindus and other peoples of antiquity had bronze products. However, ancient masters learned to cast solid bronze statues no earlier than the 5th century BC. BC. Around 290 BC Chares in honor of the sun god Helios created the Colossus of Rhodes. He had a height of 32 m and stood over the entrance to the inner harbor of the ancient port of the island of Rhodes in the eastern Aegean. The giant bronze statue was destroyed by an earthquake in 223 AD.

The ancestors of the ancient Slavs, who lived in the Don basin and in the Dnieper region, used copper to make weapons, jewelry and household items. The Russian word "copper", according to some researchers, comes from the word "mida", which among the ancient tribes that inhabited Eastern Europe, meant metal in general.

The symbol Cu comes from the Latin aes cyproum (later, Cuprum), since the copper mines of the ancient Romans were located in Cyprus (Cyprus).

The relative content of copper in the earth's crust is 6.8×10 -3%. Native copper is very rare. Usually the element is in the form of sulfide, oxide or carbonate. The most important ores of copper are chalcopyrite CuFeS 2 , which, according to estimates, makes up about 50% of all deposits of this element, copper luster (chalcocite) Cu 2 S, cuprite Cu 2 O and malachite Cu 2 CO 3 (OH) 2 . Large deposits of copper ores have been found in various parts of North and South America, in Africa and on the territory of our country. In the 18-19 centuries. near Lake Onega, native copper was mined, which was sent to the mint in St. Petersburg. The discovery of commercial copper deposits in the Urals and Siberia is associated with the name of Nikita Demidov. It was he who, by decree of Peter I, in 1704 began to mint copper money.

2. Physical properties of copper. Application in medicine and folk x O economy

Copper is a heavy pink-red metal, soft and malleable, its melting point is 1083 ° C, it is an excellent conductor of electric current and heat, the electrical conductivity of copper is 1.7 times higher than aluminum, and 6 times higher than iron.

Copper is a ductile, pinkish-red metal with a metallic luster; thin films of copper have a greenish-blue color when translucent. Crystallizes in a face-centered cubic lattice with metallic type chemical bond. It has high thermal and electrical conductivity, second only to silver in terms of electrical conductivity. Melting point 1083°C, boiling point 2567°C, density 8.92 g/cm 3 .

In air, copper is covered with a dense green-gray film of basic carbonate, which protects it from further oxidation.

In everyday life, we have to deal with copper and its alloys all the time: we turn on a computer or a table lamp - current flows through copper wires, we use metal money, which, both yellow and white, are made of copper alloys. Some houses are decorated with bronze items, utensils are made of copper. Meanwhile, copper is far from the most common element in nature: the copper content in the earth's crust is 0.01%, which allows it to occupy only 23rd place among all elements.

The main use of metal is as a conductor of electric current. In addition, copper is used in coin alloys, which is why it is often referred to as "coin metal". It is also found in traditional bronze (copper alloys with 7-10% tin) and brass (copper-zinc alloy) and special alloys such as monel (nickel-copper alloy). Metalworking tool from copper alloys does not spark and can be used in explosive workshops. Copper-based alloys are used to make wind instruments and bells.

The healing properties of copper have been known for a very long time. The ancients believed that the healing effect of copper is associated with its analgesic, antipyretic, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. Even Avicenna and Galen described copper as medicine, and Aristotle, pointing to the general strengthening effect of copper on the body, preferred to fall asleep with a copper ball in his hand. Queen Cleopatra wore the thinnest copper bracelets, preferring them to gold and silver, knowing medicine and alchemy well. In copper armor, ancient warriors got less tired, and their wounds festered less and healed faster. The ability of copper to positively influence “male power” was noticed and widely used in the ancient world.

Nomadic peoples used copper utensils in everyday life, which protected them from infectious diseases, and the gypsies wore a copper hoop on their heads for the same purpose. historical fact: An epidemic of cholera and plague bypassed people working with copper or living near copper mines. It is no coincidence that earlier door handles in hospitals were made of copper in order to prevent the transmission of infection from infectious patients to healthy people.

A very important field of application of copper is the production of copper alloys. With many metals, copper forms so-called solid solutions, which are similar to ordinary solutions in that in them the atoms of one component (metal) are evenly distributed among the atoms of another (Fig. 34). Most copper alloys are solid solutions.

An alloy of copper known since ancient times - bronze - contains 4-30% tin (usually 8-10%). It is interesting that bronze in its hardness surpasses separately taken pure copper and tin. Bronze is more fusible than copper. Bronze products of masters have survived to this day. ancient egypt, Greece, China. In the Middle Ages, tools and many other products were cast from bronze. The famous Tsar Cannon and Tsar Bell in the Moscow Kremlin are also cast from an alloy of copper and tin.

3. Chemical properties of copper

In the form of a simple substance, copper has a characteristic reddish color. Copper metal is soft and ductile. In terms of electrical and thermal conductivity, copper is second only to silver. Metallic copper, like silver, has antibacterial properties.

Copper is stable in clean, dry air at room temperature, but forms oxides at red heat. It also reacts with sulfur and halogens. In an atmosphere containing sulfur compounds, copper is covered with a green film of basic sulfate. In the electrochemical series of voltages, copper is located to the right of hydrogen, so it practically does not interact with non-oxidizing acids. The metal dissolves in hot concentrated sulfuric acid, as well as in dilute and concentrated nitric acid. In addition, copper can be brought into solution by the action of aqueous solutions of cyanides or ammonia:

2Cu + 8NH 3 ЇH 2 O + O 2 \u003d 2 (OH) 2 + 6H 2 O

According to the position of copper in the Periodic Table, its only stable oxidation state should be (+I), but it is not. Copper is able to take on higher oxidation states, and the most stable, especially in aqueous solutions, is the oxidation state (+ II). It is possible that copper(III) is involved in the biochemical reactions of electron transfer. This oxidation state is rare and is very easily reduced by the action of even weak reducing agents. Several copper(+IV) compounds are known.

When the metal is heated in air or in oxygen, copper oxides are formed: yellow or red Cu 2 O and black CuO. Increasing the temperature promotes the formation of predominantly copper (I) oxide Cu 2 O. In the laboratory, this oxide is conveniently obtained by reducing an alkaline solution of a copper (II) salt with glucose, hydrazine or hydroxylamine:

2CuSO 4 + 2NH 2 OH + 4NaOH \u003d Cu 2 O + N 2 + 2Na 2 SO 4 + 5H 2 O

This reaction is the basis of Fehling's sensitive test for sugars and other reducing agents. A copper(II) salt solution in an alkaline solution is added to the test substance. If the substance is a reducing agent, a characteristic red precipitate appears.

Since the Cu + cation is unstable in an aqueous solution, under the action of acids on Cu 2 O, either dismutation or complex formation occurs:

Cu 2 O + H 2 SO 4 \u003d Cu + CuSO 4 + H 2 O

Cu 2 O + 4HCl \u003d 2 H + H 2 O

Oxide Cu 2 O noticeably interacts with alkalis. This creates a complex:

Cu 2 O + 2NaOH + H 2 O 2Na

To obtain copper(II) oxide CuO, it is best to use the decomposition of nitrate or basic copper(II) carbonate:

2Cu(NO 3) 2 \u003d 2CuO + 4NO 2 + O 2

(CuOH) 2 CO 3 \u003d 2CuO + CO 2 + H 2 O

Copper oxides are insoluble in water and do not react with it. The only copper hydroxide Cu(OH) 2 is usually obtained by adding alkali to an aqueous solution of a copper(II) salt. A pale blue precipitate of copper (II) hydroxide, which exhibits amphoteric properties (the ability of chemical compounds to exhibit either basic or acidic properties), can be dissolved not only in acids, but also in concentrated alkalis. In this case, dark blue solutions containing particles of type 2- are formed. Copper(II) hydroxide also dissolves in ammonia solution:

Cu (OH) 2 + 4NH 3. H 2 O \u003d (OH) 2 + 4H 2 O

Copper(II) hydroxide is thermally unstable and decomposes when heated:

Cu(OH) 2 \u003d CuO + H 2 O

There is information about the existence of a dark red oxide Cu 2 O 3 , formed by the action of K 2 S 2 O 8 on Cu(OH) 2 . It is a strong oxidizing agent; when heated to 400 ° C, it decomposes into CuO and O 2.

Great interest in the chemistry of copper oxides in the last two decades is associated with the production of high-temperature superconductors, of which YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 is best known. In 1987, this compound was shown to be a superconductor at liquid nitrogen temperature. The main problems hindering its large-scale practical application, lie in the area of ​​material processing. Now the most promising is the production of thin films.

Many of the copper chalcogenides are non-stoichiometric compounds. Copper(I) sulfide Cu 2 S is formed by strong heating of copper in sulfur vapor or in an environment of hydrogen sulfide. When hydrogen sulfide is passed through aqueous solutions containing Cu 2+ cations, a colloidal precipitate of CuS composition is released. However, CuS is not a simple copper(II) compound. It contains an S 2 group and is better described by the formula Cu I 2 Cu II (S 2)S. Copper selenides and tellurides exhibit metallic properties, while CuSe 2 , CuTe 2 , CuS and CuS 2 are superconductors at low temperatures.

When copper is heated with halogens, anhydrous difluoride, dichloride and dibromide can be synthesized. Solutions of copper(II) halides are more conveniently obtained by reacting a metal, its oxide, hydroxide, or carbonate with the corresponding hydrohalic acid. Crystalline hydrates are always isolated from aqueous solutions.

Attempts to obtain copper(II) iodide lead to the formation of copper(I) iodide CuI:

2Cu 2+ + 4I - = 2CuI + I 2

In this case, the solution and the precipitate turn brown due to the presence of iodine. The resulting iodine can be removed by the action of thiosulfate ion:

I 2 + 2SO 3 S 2- \u003d 2I - + S 4 O 6 2-

However, when an excess of thiosulfate ion is added, copper(I) iodide dissolves:

CuI + 2SO 3 S 2- \u003d 3- + I -

Similarly, attempts to prepare copper(II) cyanide lead to the formation of CuCN. On the other hand, it is not possible to obtain a copper(I) salt with electronegative fluorine. Three other copper(I) halides, which are white insoluble compounds, precipitate from aqueous solutions during the reduction of copper(II) halides.

In aqueous solutions, the colorless copper(I) ion is very unstable and disproportionate

2Cu I Cu II + Cu(p)

Perhaps the reason for this is the size of the atom. The Cu II ion is smaller than Cu I and, having twice the charge, interacts much more strongly with water (the heats of hydration are ~2100 and ~580 kJ mol -1 , respectively). The difference is significant because it outweighs the second ionization energy for copper. This makes the Cu II ion more stable in aqueous solution (and ionic solids) than Cu I, despite the latter's stable d 10 configuration. However, Cu I can be stabilized in compounds with very low solubility or through complexation. Complexes are easily formed in an aqueous solution upon interaction of Cu 2 O with the corresponding ligands. In aqueous solutions, copper(I) chloro- and ammine complexes are slowly oxidized by atmospheric oxygen to the corresponding copper(II) compounds.

The copper(II) cation, on the other hand, is quite stable in aqueous solution. Copper(II) salts are mostly soluble in water. The blue color of their solutions is associated with the formation of the 2+ ion. They often crystallize as hydrates. Aqueous solutions are slightly hydrolyzed and basic salts often precipitate out of them. The main carbonate is found in nature - it is the mineral malachite, the main sulfates and chlorides are formed during atmospheric corrosion of copper, and the main acetate (verdigris) is used as a pigment.

Yar-verdigris has been known since the time of Pliny the Elder (23-79 AD). In Russian pharmacies, they began to receive it at the beginning of the 17th century. Depending on the method of obtaining, it may be green or blue. She painted the walls of the royal chambers in Kolomenskoye in Moscow.

The most famous simple salt - copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate CuSO 4 Ї5H 2 O - is often called copper sulfate. The word vitriol, apparently, comes from the Latin Cipri Rosa - the rose of Cyprus. In Russia, copper sulfate was called blue, Cypriot, then Turkish. The fact that vitriol contains copper was first established in 1644 by Van Helmont. In 1848, R. Glauber first obtained copper sulfate from copper and sulfuric acid. Copper sulfate is widely used in electrolytic processes, water treatment, and plant protection. It is the starting material for many other copper compounds.

Tetraammines are easily formed by adding ammonia to aqueous solutions of copper(II) until the initial precipitate completely dissolves. Dark blue solutions of copper tetraammines dissolve cellulose, which can be reprecipitated by acidification, which is used in one of the processes to make viscose. The addition of ethanol to the solution causes the precipitation of SO 4 ЇH 2 O. Recrystallization of tetraammines from a concentrated solution of ammonia leads to the formation of violet-blue pentaammines, however, the fifth NH 3 molecule is easily lost. Hexaammines can only be obtained in liquid ammonia, and they are stored in an ammonia atmosphere.

Copper(II) forms a square planar complex with the macrocyclic ligand phthalocyanine. Its derivatives are used to produce a range of blue to green pigments that are stable up to 500°C and are widely used in inks, paints, plastics and even colored cements.

Bibliography

1. Azimov A. Brief history of chemistry. St. Petersburg, Amphora, 2002

2. Vanyukov A.V., Utkin M.I. Complex processing of copper and nickel raw materials. Chelyabinsk, 1988

3. Copper-smelting production - development and prospects. Alma-Ata, 1978

4. Stepin B.D., Alikberova L.Yu. Chemistry book for home reading. M., Chemistry, 1994

5. Chemistry and Life (Salter Chemistry). Part 1. The concepts of chemistry. M.: Publishing House of the Russian Chemical Technical University im. D.I.Mendeleeva, 1997

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Copper is one of the main chemical elements. IN pure form copper is a reddish-orange metal with high thermal and electrical conductivity. It is applied to a wide range of products, including electrical wires, cookware, pipes, car radiators, and more. Copper is also used as a pigment and preservative for paints, paper, textiles, and wood. Together with zinc, copper is used for the production of brass, and with tin for the production of bronze.

Copper was first used 10,000 years ago. A copper pendant made around 8700 BC was found in the north of present-day Iraq. There is evidence that by 6400 BC copper was being smelted and cast into articles in the area now known as Turkey. By 4500 BC, this technology appeared in Egypt. The bulk of the copper in use before 4000 BC came from the accidental discovery of individual placers of native copper or metal from meteorites that fell to Earth. The first mention of the systematic mining and processing of copper ore dates back to about 3800 BC. - An Egyptian source describes mining in the Sinai Peninsula.

Around 3000 BC, large deposits of copper ores were discovered on the island of Cyprus in the Mediterranean Sea. When the Romans conquered Cyprus, they gave the metal the Latin name aes cyprium, which was usually shortened to cyprium. It later became cuprum, from which the English word copper and the chemical symbol Cu are derived.

In South America, copper objects were being produced along the north coast of Peru around 500 BC. The development of copper deposits and the development of copper metallurgy were in full swing until the conquest of the Inca empire by Spanish soldiers in the 1500s.

In the United States, the first copper mine was opened in Branby, Connecticut in 1705, followed by another in Lancaster, Pennsylvania in 1732. Despite such early start production, most of the copper used was imported into the United States from Chile until 1844, when high quality copper ores were mined from large deposits on Lake Superior. Invention in the late 1800s over effective methods processing allowed the extraction of depleted copper ores from huge open pits in the western United States.

Answer left Guest

Copper is one of the first metals widely mastered by man due to its comparative availability for obtaining from ore and low melting point. In ancient times, it was used mainly in the form of an alloy with tin - bronze for the manufacture of weapons, etc. The first copper was obtained in the territory of modern Turkey by the inhabitants of the settlement of Chatal-Hyuyuk.
Gold. Humanity encountered gold already in the 5th millennium BC. e. during the Neolithic period due to its distribution in its native state. According to archaeologists, the beginning of systematic mining was laid in the Middle East, from where gold jewelry was supplied, in particular, to Egypt. It was in Egypt in the tomb of Queen Zer and one of the queens of Pu-abi Ur in the Sumerian civilization that the first gold jewelry dating back to III thousand. BC e. In Russia, it is customary to consider the beginning of gold mining on May 21 (June 1), 1745, when Yerofey Markov, who found gold in the Urals, announced his discovery at the Office of the Main Board of Factories in Yekaterinburg.
Aluminum Aluminum was first obtained by the Danish physicist Hans Oersted in 1825 by the action of potassium amalgam on aluminum chloride followed by distillation of mercury. It is widely used as a structural material. The main advantages of aluminum in this quality are lightness, ductility for stamping, corrosion resistance (in air, aluminum is instantly covered with a strong Al2O3 film, which prevents its further oxidation), high thermal conductivity, and non-toxicity of its compounds. In particular, these properties have made aluminum extremely popular in the production of kitchen utensils, aluminum foil in Food Industry and for packaging.
Iron. Iron is one of the most used metals, it accounts for up to 95% of the world's metallurgical production. Iron is the main component of steels and cast irons - the most important structural materials. Iron can be part of alloys based on other metals - for example, nickel. Magnetic iron oxide (magnetite ) is an important material in the manufacture of long-term computer memory devices: hard drives, floppy disks, etc. Ultrafine magnetite powder is used in many black-and-white laser printers mixed with polymer granules as a toner. Here, the black color of magnetite and its ability to adhere to a magnetized transfer roller are simultaneously used. The unique ferromagnetic properties of a number of iron-based alloys contribute to their widespread use in electrical engineering for the magnetic circuits of transformers and electric motors. printed circuit boards. Ferrous sulfate (ferrous sulfate) mixed with copper sulfate is used to combat harmful fungi in gardening and construction. Iron is used as an anode in iron-nickel batteries, iron-air batteries. Aqueous solutions of ferrous and ferric chlorides, as well as its sulfates are used as coagulants in the purification of natural and waste water in the water treatment of industrial enterprises.

Everything about everything. Volume 5 Likum Arkady

When was copper first used?

With the exception of gold, copper began to be used by man before all other metals. At the dawn of history, Stone Age man already used it. One of the reasons for the early use of copper is that it can be found as pure metal ingots. ancient man collected these copper ingots just because they were attractive. Later, man discovered that these red metal stones could be molded into any shape. Therefore, they began to make knives and weapons from copper, which was easier than processing stone for this. And then, much later, man discovered that molten copper can be given any shape, for example, a bowl or a vessel.

Copper became very necessary, so people began to mine it and make all kinds of household utensils from it. Copper has been the only metal available to humans for thousands of years. Gold was not suitable for this because it was sacred and also too soft for practical use.

Scientists believe that copper tools were used in the construction of the Egyptian pyramids. Found pieces of a copper pipe, which the Egyptians used more than 5 thousand years ago. And she is still in good condition. The use of pure copper ceased with the advent of iron. Copper began to be used in alloys with other metals: bronze is an alloy of copper and tin, and brass is an alloy of copper and zinc. Thus, along with iron and aluminum, copper is the metal that is still widely used today.

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Methodological development for the lesson on the topic: "Copper production"

Completed by a teacher of higher qualification category GOU SPO "Kemerovo vocational technical school"

Tyunina Nadezhda Yakovlevna

1 .History of the origin of copper.

Copper - one of the first metals widely mastered by man due to the relative availability for obtaining fromoresand low melting point. In ancient times, it was used mainly in the form of an alloy with tin -bronzefor the manufacture of weapons, etc. (seebronze age).

The Latin name for copper Cuprum (ancient Aes cuprium, Aes cyprium) comes from the name of the islandCyprus, where already in the III millennium BC. e. copper mines existed and copper was smelted.

AtStrabocopper is called khalkos, from the name of the city of ChalkisonEuboea. From this word came many ancient Greek names for copper andbronzeitems, blacksmith craft, blacksmith products and castings. The second Latin name for copper is Aes (Sanskrit, ayas, Gothic aiz, German erz, English ore) means ore or mine. Proponents of the Indo-Germanic theory of the origin of European languages ​​consider the Russian word copper (Polish miedz, Czech med) to be related to the Old German smida (metal) and Schmied (blacksmith, English Smith). From this word came related names - a medal, a medallion. The words copper and copper are found in the oldest Russian literary monuments. Alchemists called copper "Venus" (Venus). In more ancient times, the name "Mars" (Mars) is found.

Copper is found in nature both in compounds and in native form.

Of industrial importance are chalcopyrite CuFeS2, also known as copper pyrites, chalcocite Cu2S and bornite Cu5FeS4. Other copper minerals are found together with them: covellite CuS, cuprite Cu2O, azurite Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2, malachite Cu2CO3(OH)2

Copper sulfides are formed mainly in medium-temperature hydrothermal veins. Also, copper deposits are often found in sedimentary rocks - cuprous sandstones and shales. Most of the copper ore is mined by open pit mining. The copper content in the ore ranges from 0.4 to 1.0%.

2.Physical properties

Copper is a golden-pink ductile metal, quickly covered with an oxide film in air, which gives it a characteristic intense yellowish-red tint. Thin films of copper in the light have a greenish-blue color.

Along with, And , copper is one of four metals that have a distinct color color that is different from gray or silver in other metals. This color cast is due to the presence of electronic transitions between the filled third and half-empty fourth atomic orbitals: the energy difference between them corresponds to the wavelength of orange light. The same mechanism is responsible for the characteristic color of gold.

Copper forms, F m3m, a= 0.36150 nm, Z = 4.

Copper has a high And (ranks second in electrical conductivity among metals after ). Electrical conductivity at 20 °C: 55.5-58/m . Copper has a relatively large : 0.4%/°C and in a wide temperature range weakly depends on temperature.

There is a series of copper: - with, - with and other elements- With , - with lead and others.

COPPER CRYSTALS

3. Obtaining copper

Copper is obtained from copper ores and minerals. The main methods for obtaining copper are, and.

The pyrometallurgical method consists in obtaining copper from sulfide ores, (for example ):

The hydrometallurgical method consists in dissolving copper minerals in dilute sulfuric acid or in solution; from the resulting solutions, copper is displaced by metallic iron:

Mortar :

Native copper

4. Copper connection

Oxidation state II is the most stable oxidation state of copper. It corresponds to black oxide CuO and blue hydroxide Cu(OH) 2 , which, when standing, easily splits off water and at the same time turns black:

Copper (II) hydroxide is predominantly basic and only partially dissolves in concentrated alkali to form a blue hydroxo complex. Of greatest importance is the reaction of copper (II) hydroxide with, about which the so-called (solvent) is formed:

Copper(II) salts are formed by dissolving copper in oxidizing acids (nitric, concentrated sulfuric). Most salts in this oxidation state are blue or green in color.

Copper(II) compounds have weak oxidizing properties, which is used in the analysis (for example, the use of Fehling's reagent).

It has a green color, which is the reason for the greening of elements of buildings, monuments and products made of copper and copper alloys when the oxide film interacts with air in the presence of water. when hydrated gives blue CuSO 4 ∙5H 2 O, used as .

Copper(II) oxide is used to produce copper oxide (YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7-δ ), which is the basis for obtaining .

copper vitriol

5. Mining methods

This metal is found in nature in its native form more often than, and. An alloy of copper and tin () was obtained for the first time in 3000 BC. e. in the Middle East. Bronze attracted people with its strength and good malleability, which made it suitable for making tools and hunting tools, dishes, and jewelry. All these items are found in archaeological excavations.

Initially, copper was mined from ore, and not from, since it did not require preliminary roasting. To do this, the ore mixture was placed in an earthen vessel, the vessel was placed in a small pit, and the mixture was set on fire. The liberated one reduced malachite to free copper:

On the territory of Russia and neighboring countries, copper mines appeared two millennia BC. e. Their remains are found in the Urals (the most famous deposit is), in the Transcaucasus, in Ukraine, in Siberia, in Altai.

In the XIII-XIV centuries. mastered the industrial smelting of copper. in Moscow in the 15th century. was founded, where guns of various calibers were cast from bronze.

Now more than 170 minerals containing copper are known, but only 14-15 of them have industrial value. These are chalcopyrite (aka copper pyrites), malachite, and native copper is also found. In copper ores, molybdenum, nickel, lead, cobalt are often found as impurities, less often - gold, silver. Typically, copper ores are enriched in factories before being sent to copper smelters. Kazakhstan, USA, Chile, Canada, African countries - Zaire, Zambia, South Africa are rich in copper.

The world's largest open pit mine copper ore. Is located in .

6. Information Support learning

Main sources:

Solntsev, Yu.P. Materials science [Text]: textbook for institutional environment professional image. / Yu.P. Solntsev, S.A. Vologzhanina. - Moscow: Information Center "Academy", 2009. - 496s. – [Recommended by FGU “FIRO”].

Stukanov, V.A. Materials science [Text]: tutorial for institutional environment professional image. / V.A.Stukanov. - M.: Forum, 2011 . - 368s. – [Recommended by FGU “FIRO”].

Additional sources:

Kuzmin B.A. Technology of metals and structural materials [Text]: textbook for engineering colleges. - M. Engineering, 2008 -251 p.

Materials Science [ Electronic resource] : Part 1. - Izhevsk: Research Center "Regular and Chaotic Dynamics", 2006. - 1 CD-ROM, 12 cm.

Moryakov, O.S. Materials science (in technical specialties) [Text]: textbook for image. inst. avg. prof. image. / O.S. Moryakov. - Moscow: Publishing Center "Academy", 2010. - 240 p. – [Recommended by FGU “FIRO”]

Nikiforov, V.M. Technology of metals and other structural materials [Text]:textbook for students technical schools, lyceums, stud. universities, engineers and technicians of all technical specialties. – V.M. Nikiforov. - 10th edition, - St. Petersburg: Polytechnic, 2010. - 382 p.

Fuel and energy complex in the regions of the Siberian federal district[Electronic resource]: statistical collection / Rosstat, Territory. organ Feder. state services. statistics for Irkut. region - Irkutsk: Irkutskstat, 2006. - 1 CD-ROM, 12 cm.

Internet resources

All-Russian Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of the Russian Academy of Sciences (VINITI RAN) [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www2. viniti. en, free. -Title from the screen

Portal of regulatory and technical documentationhttp // www . pntdoc . en

Technical literature[Electronic resource]. - Access mode:http // www . technology . en , free. - Zagl. from the screen

Electronic library system "KnigaFond"http://www.knigafund.ru/, subscription. -Title from the screen

Electronic library system of the publishing house "Lan"[Electronic resource] . - Access mode:http://lanbook.com/ebs.php, subscription. -Title from the screen

Electronic library systemIGlib [ Electronic resource] . - Access mode:http://www.iqlib.ru/, subscription. -Title from the screen