What was the original name of the Internet. What year did the Internet appear
So who invented the internet?
Well, the very first answer is obvious: one name is not here and cannot be. And here is a list of the names of those people who invented the Internet, I will give.
Who Invented the Internet? Creation idea.
The initial idea of creating a network in which it will be possible to communicate not by telephone or by means of television belongs to Leonard Kleinrock(Leonard Kleinrock). So, at the end of May 1961, his first work appeared under the title "Information flow in large communication networks." One year later, Joseph (J. C. R.) Carl Licklider becomes the first director of the first-ever Information Technology Division of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. Having taken office, he submits his vision of the galactic network for discussion to the first persons of the Pentagon.
APRANET- the network of the Office for Advanced Research Programs (a packet-switched network that appeared on paper in 1966 and organized in the very early 1970s). This network is the prototype of the Internet as we know it. Now the network does not exist - it was disbanded in February 1990. And then the emergence of a network that was designed to connect to a single global network of university and research computers was marked by the inclusion of two points of attachment to the network (nodes) of computers at the University of California at Los Angeles and the Stanford Research Institute.
The Internet itself, in the form in which it exists now, began to be developed in the late 1960s in the same United States. In 1968, at the Stanford Research Institute, Elmer Shapiro chaired the first meeting of the NWG Network Working Group. Its members were just beginning to discuss issues related to how computers would communicate with each other. And at the end of the year, Shapiro publishes a Study on the Design Parameters of Computer Networks. Based on this and other work, Thomas Merrill, Lawrence Roberts, Barry Wessler, and others are working together to create an integrated multiprotocol processor to adapt existing protocols to network requirements.
The work is in full swing, and, finally, on July 3, 1969, the University of California publishes a news release in the press, where the Internet is officially mentioned for the first time. Almost two months later, at the end of August, the first network switch and a piece of equipment for an integrated processor arrive at the University. And just a few days later, on September 2, the first data of information ran along the network wires from the university computer to the switch.
Who Invented the Internet? Work begins...
On the morning of October 29, 1969, the first Internet message was sent from a computer in Leonard Kleinrocker's laboratory. Clainrocker was trying to log in to the Stanford Institute computer from his own in California. The LOGIN command, however, failed. After entering two LO characters, the network from the Stanford side collapsed. The reason was soon found out, the network was corrected. Another authentication attempt was successful.
Two years later, in 1971, Ray Tomlinson sent the first email.
Working in 1973 and publishing the results in 1974, Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn's RFC (the famous "up for discussion" series is from the IETF series of documents (Standards, Guidelines, Working Group Reports, and etc.), defining the principles of the Internet), which is assigned the number 675. This is how the TCP protocol appeared. Thanks to this, the aforementioned deuce is considered by many users to be the fathers of the Internet. For many, the question of who invented the Internet is closed at this point ... In 1978, the protocol was finally formed in TCP / IP to support online traffic. It is still a priority in the network.
Who Invented the Internet? First commercial network.
The commercial network, or rather the commercial version of the ARPANET, known as TELNET, was introduced to the general public in 1974 and is still considered the very first ISP.
Shortly before that, Robert Metcalfe was finishing work on his own brainchild - Alto Aloha Network - a network where data was transmitted at the then inconceivable speed of 3M / sec. Soon the founder of the network renames it to Ethernet.
Who Invented the Internet? First modem.
It came even later: Dennis Hayes introduced the 80-103A in 1977. These devices immediately became popular and indispensable devices for network users. And in 1984, the domain name system was introduced to the public. First domain name symbolics.com registered to a computer company in Massachusetts in March 1985.
Who Invented the Internet? Almost everything is ready...
1990 Tim Berners-Lee develops a hypertext scanning language. HTML still carries the lion's share of web information to this day. A year later, he introduces users to WWW - the famous worldwide network. It is she who is considered the Internet by the vast majority of people. Yes, the Internet has at its origins hundreds of names of very, very literate people, but without the WWW, the Internet, as we all know it, would definitely not exist.
Who Invented the Internet? The first graphical browser.
Mosaic - aka Mosaic - the first popular browser on the World Wide Web. Designed and released on April 22, 1993. Gradually merging into work, a competitor called Netscape joined him a year later. However, Mosaic is considered to be the prototype of all modern and popular "brands" of Internet browsers (IE, Chrome, Mozilla).
Pages rendered on bare HTML are very boring and unproductive. So it's time for the JAVA programming language (Java or Java) to come into play. James Gosling from the now living company supervised the work on its creation. Sun Microsystems. Java was first introduced to users in 1995 and today continues to occupy a leading position among the programming languages involved in the development of website pages.
In the same 1995, Brendan Eich developed Javascript - a system for executing scripts on a user's computer in a browser installed on this computer. Now the creator of the web page has the opportunity to make changes to the structure of the site or page using code. It was originally called Livescript, but it was decided to work in the two named environments in parallel. The names were combined under a common root.
Now the global network is finally formed.
For the first time, the idea of creating an information network between computers was expressed in 1960 by Joseph Likelider, head of the computer department of the US Department of Homeland Security. In 1962, together with colleague Welden Clark, he published the first scientific paper on online communication.
6 years after the idea was voiced, the first practical developments began. The ARPANET project was the forerunner of the Internet. It was developed at the laboratories of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the University of Berkeley. In 1969, the first data packet was sent over the ARPANET.
On the first communication channel, only small text messages could be sent, since the power of computers was not high.
The network has evolved gradually. By 1981, more than 200 computers were connected to it, mainly related to scientific institutes and laboratories. Since the seventies, the development of special software for remote computer communication began. One of the first such programs was written by Steve Crocker. ARPANET existed autonomously until 1983, after which this network was connected to the TCP / IP protocol and became part of the future global Internet.
Along with ARPANET, other projects of local networks appeared. In France, the information and scientific network CYCLADES was developed and launched in 1973. Somewhat later, Fidonet appeared - the first network that became really popular among amateur users.
TCP / IP protocol and the creation of a global network
Those who tried to create local networks eventually faced the issue of incompatibility of data transfer protocols. This problem was solved at the Stanford Research Institute, where the TCP / IP protocol was developed in 1978. By the mid-eighties, this protocol had supplanted all others within the ARPANET.
The very name of the Internet appeared in the seventies in connection with the development of the TCP / IP protocol.
In the second half of the eighties, the integration of local networks continued. The LANs of NASA and other American government organizations have switched to the TCP/IP protocol. European research institutes also began to connect to the common network. At the end of the eighties, it was the turn of the countries of Asia and the states of the socialist bloc - the first network that was widely spread in the USSR was Fidonet, but over time the Internet began to play an increasingly significant role.
Since the nineties, the Internet has ceased to be exclusively a tool of scientists and government organizations - an increase in the number of amateur users has begun, which continues to this day.
Sir Tim Berners-Lee, who modestly proposed the creation of the Internet 28 years ago, published an open letter in which he identified the three main problems of modern users. He believes that it is necessary to solve several global issues at once, otherwise humanity will face serious consequences. figured out what threatens network users and how to prevent the Internet from turning into a global trap.
Access to nowhere
In March 1989, the British programmer Tim Berners-Lee proposed to his colleagues at CERN (European Laboratory for Nuclear Research) a World Wide Web project that would allow all information to be collected in one place and accessible from any computer. The project was approved and implemented.
Berners-Lee himself claims that he dreamed of a completely open platform and was always ready to defend its freedom, but the events of the past year made him strongly doubt the bright future of the network.
He identified three trends that are booming on the internet and could destroy it.
We no longer control our personal data
Now most sites willingly share free content in exchange for users' personal data. People are accustomed to putting up with this tacit barter and often ticking the boxes next to confidentiality agreements without question.
In fact, everyone who transfers confidential information to the administration of sites forever misses the opportunity to control it. Portals collect data and use it for their own purposes. Moreover, people often cannot decide how much information and in what form to give in exchange for content. Companies ask for what they need, and users are not allowed to discuss it.
But personal information on the Internet is needed not only for profit. Much more worrisome, Berners-Lee says, is that data can be collected by governments and intelligence agencies. The scientist is extremely concerned that laws are passed in unfree states that allow intrusion into private life. In countries with strict laws, bloggers can be imprisoned or killed, and political opponents can be monitored online.
He recalls the case of the arrest of a group of bloggers in Ethiopia. Six members of the Zone9 group and three associated journalists covering political and social issues in the country were arrested in 2014 on suspicion of terrorism.
They were caught using anonymous messaging tools. This, according to the authorities, is a good reason to accuse the opposition of treason. True, all were acquitted, but some had to spend 18 months in prison. The public actively supported the activists while they were tried to intimidate them with a prison term.
The scientist warns: even in countries where citizens' data is collected in their own interests, things can go too far. In addition, the feeling that you do not belong to yourself gives rise to a banal fear of discussing important issues.
Lies are spreading too fast
Although the Internet is truly limitless, a person constantly visits only a few sites and most often uses the same search engine. All these resources earn on clicks, which means that they are interested in seeing as provocative and shocking materials as possible.
Social networks and search engines are constantly collecting data about users' movements through pages, about their gender, age, social status - about everything that could be useful for improving algorithms. In the end, we see in advertising, on websites or in search exactly what we are most likely to click on.
This is what allows fake material to spread across the network like wildfire. False news shocks, surprises, affects the taboo aspects of life, in a word, they do everything so that the user clicks on the link.
But Berners-Lee is not so much afraid of the boom of fakes as the potential harm from their use for profit or political manipulation.
Political campaigning on the Internet should be transparent
Advertising of political views, parties and leaders in recent years no longer differs from ordinary marketing. Algorithms that measure user preferences can reveal their desires and concerns, targeting propaganda to the “right” audience. Moreover, announcements with political overtones can be made individually for each voter.
According to some reports, during the 2016 presidential race in the United States, about 50,000 completely different ads were published on Facebook alone during the day. This amount of information is impossible to contain or verify.
Berners-Lee expressed suspicions that politicians are intentionally supplying their slogans with links to fake sites. These portals contained only the information that is beneficial to the candidate, seasoned with various incriminating news about the opponent.
The scientist believes that in such conditions, democracy, a favorite topic of politicians, is out of the question. Managers and curators of the election campaign tell one group of voters one thing, another - quite the opposite. The content that the user sees depends only on his personal preferences. Conservationists will be happy to click on an article about how a politician actively greens, but for other, more conservative voters, the same candidate may appear as a fighter against the dominance of minorities.
Many questions, few answers
These problems, as simple as they may seem, have the potential to change the global web and erase any notion of privacy and anonymity. While people are increasingly mastering the Internet and are beginning to realize that they have their own rights in this space, states are considering options for universal control.
The creator of the World Wide Web is sure that giants like Facebook should be encouraged for their desire to develop technologies that do not allow confidential information to scatter throughout the network and fall into the hands of intruders. Berners-Lee advocates that large companies fight as actively as possible for the right to destroy fakes and in no case entrust these functions to the state.
Remembering the years of the origin, formation and development of the network, the programmer insists that users must fight for their rights on the Internet and finally realize that even in the digital world there are rules of conduct. As in real life, scammers operate in a virtual environment, steal savings, insult and humiliate - all this makes the Internet not an addition to the existing world, but its full-fledged continuation.
The creators of algorithms that adapt to user preferences usually keep their developments secret, citing their uniqueness and complexity. But Berners-Lee insists that these very algorithms affect the life of mankind, which means that they must be extremely transparent. For example, not only developers, but also ordinary people should know about the principle of the Facebook feed.
Political games are the blind spot of the Internet, the scientist is sure. No one regulates them, and the politicians themselves are not yet fully aware of what power they have and how to manage it. Campaigning on the Internet, especially on the political agenda, should be manageable and not turn users into obedient puppets.
Five years of the Internet
In 2009, Berners-Lee established the World Wide Web Foundation to provide access to the Internet to every earthling and protect their rights. In February, the organization presented a five-year strategy for the development of the Internet for 2017-2022. What specialists are trying to convey to the public is extremely simple: the Internet is created for everyone.
The members of the Foundation boldly declare that they are ready to fight for digital equality and a just world. The Internet was created so that everyone equally had access to all the knowledge of mankind, but it turned out that here, too, some groups of people are more powerful than others.
Berners-Lee hoped that with the help of his invention, people would be able to communicate with each other from anywhere in the world, and everyone would have the opportunity to express their point of view, participate in discussions and search for truth. But it turned out that online information isolates people, fills them with hatred, intolerance and destroys the right to privacy.
Over the next five years, the organization intends to focus on three points. The first is the right of people to be heard, and experts are ready to push for the adoption of protective laws in order to eradicate among users the fear of punishment for what is said or written on the network.
The Fund wants to hold Internet giants accountable: to force them to reveal the schemes of the algorithms that form the Internet, to stop secretly collecting information about people and transferring it to government agencies.
The third point of the program is devoted to the female half of humanity: according to the members of the World Wide Web Foundation, it is they, as well as representatives of minorities, who can get the opportunity to fully participate in economic life, create companies and improve their financial literacy using the Internet.
The Internet is the greatest invention of mankind. The global network helps people communicate, learn, earn money and relax. However, few people think about where and under what circumstances the Internet appeared, in what year it came to Russia, and who controls the flow of digital information. We will give answers to these questions in the article.
The history of the creation of the Internet in the world
Work on finding opportunities for the rapid transmission of large amounts of information began in the early 70s of the last century in the United States.
The first concept of a computer network was proposed by J. Licklider.The advent of the Internet was made possible by the idea of Paul Baran. An American engineer announced the use of interconnected peer-to-peer computers. The inventor emphasized the special role of such a system. Thanks to decentralization the network remained operational even if some of its parts were destroyed.
October 29, 1969 is considered the birthday of the Internet. On this day, the first computer communication session was held on the ARPANET. Computers were installed at a distance of 650 km from each other, in the scientific centers of California and Stanford. The researchers managed to transmit only two characters - LO.
Briton Tim Berners-Lee became the founder and the first investor of the modern Internet. Today he leads World Wide Web Consortium. 50 years ago, a team of programmers led by Berners-Lee managed to create the WWW browser (WorldWideWeb) and the hypertext language - HTML.
The system of unified computer networks became international in the 80s. last century. Norway and Great Britain were connected to it via a transatlantic telephone cable. Today, 50% of the world's population uses the Internet resources.
How and when did the Internet appear in Russia?
The first Relcom computer network appeared in the Soviet Union in the summer of 1990. It united the largest scientific centers of the country. The e-mail system connected the computers of research institutes in Moscow, Leningrad, Kyiv and Novosibirsk. In the same year, the first session of modem communication between the Kurchatov Institute and the University of Helsinki took place.
Russia became an active Internet user in 1994. And 25 years later, creating an autonomous network. The starting point of the Runet is considered to be the official registration of the .ru domain in the Internet Network Information Center.
Did you use the Relcom network in the 90s?
Yes, I have triedNo, I didn't know what the internet was then...
The first Russian search engine Rambler appeared in 1996. A year later, Yandex began its work.
Video: A brief history of the emergence and development of the Internet.
Who controls and manages the Internet in the Russian Federation and in the world?
Internet Governance is the technological coordination of its elements:
- domain name systems;
- distribution of IP addresses;
- development and application of protocols and standards.
The Russian Research Institute for the Development of Public Networks received administrative rights. Its activities are carried out in two directions:
- Development of computer communications for scientific and educational organizations.
- Development of the infrastructure of the Russian segment of the World Wide Web.
At present, the Internet is actively developing. New forms of interaction between network participants are emerging. Governance of the World Wide Web is the development and implementation of rules governing economic, political, social and cultural activities. Therefore, Internet governance issues arise in civil society and government all the time.
Our country is protesting today against the "Law on sovereign Runet". The bill obliges operators, by order of the authorities, to change the routes of messages and issue data to the regulatory authorities about the structure of the network and the use of DNS servers.
The Internet is an open system for storing and transmitting information. Its resources and capabilities belong equally to all users.
>A brief history of states, cities, events
A Brief History of the Internet
Among the technological innovations of the last century, the Internet occupies the first place. He turned the whole idea of communication and computers. The invention of the Internet was preceded by such facilities as the telegraph, telephone, radio, television and, finally, the computer. Everyone knows that the first attempts to implement the Internet are connected with the beginning of computer development.
It happened in 1960s the years when the famous scientist J. Licklider began to mention computer technology and the "galactic network" in his notes. In his vision, a network of computers could be interconnected over a single dedicated broadband line and perform the function of a library, that is, store and classify information. Through this global network, people will be able to quickly access data and programs located on other computers. Thus, it was Licklider who was commissioned by the US Department of Defense to conduct a research project to develop such a network.
At the height of the Cold War in 1969 ARPANet, a limited network, was developed. She connected the computers of military and research institutions with each other in case of a quick response, if the third world suddenly began. Over the years, the number of computers on the network grew, and other third-party networks began to develop. However, they all worked differently, so the question arose of streamlining and developing a common protocol.
IN 1970s years, engineer R. E. Kahn, together with V. Cerf, invented the IP protocol, which combines all networks into one, and a little later, TCP, the so-called internet protocol for managing data transfer. Already in 1983 year, all computers in the ARPANet network switched to work within the framework of these protocols. According to these standards, the Internet is developing to this day. The first Russian Internet network was developed in 1990 year in Moscow. It was the RELCOM network, created for the exchange of information and operational communication with Western counterparts.
Soon, domestic physicists also created a successful Internet subnet, which rapidly attracted hundreds of nodes and thousands of subscribers. Today, the Internet unites millions of users around the world, the number of which is increasing every year. Every average family has one or two, and sometimes more, computers operating on the Internet. This means of information exchange has become so popular that the former forms of communication and media are gradually fading into the background. In January 2010 years, access to the network appeared even at the International Space Station.
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